Optics

Armand Hippolyte Louis Fizeau (23.09.1819 — 18.09.1896) —a French physicist, a member of the Paris Academy of Sciences (1860) and its president (1878).

Joseph Fraunhofer (6.03.1787-7.06.1826) was a German physicist.

Augustin Jean Fresnel (10.05.1788-14.07.1827) was a French physicist and a member of the Paris Academy of Sciences (1823).

Sergei Eduardovich Frisch (19.06.1899-19.02.1977) was a Soviet physicist and a corresponding member of the USSR Academy of Sciences (1946).

Jean Bernard Léon Foucault (18.09.1819-11.02.1868) was a French experimental physicist and a member of the Paris Academy of Sciences (1865).

Rem Viktorovich Khokhlov (15.07.1926 — 8.08.1977) was a Soviet physicist, one of the founders of nonlinear optics, an academician (1974; corresponding member 1966).

Leonhard Euler (15.04.1707-18.09.1783) — a mathematician, mechanician and physicist.

Optical quantities Name Symbol Wavelength λ Illuminance E Period of oscillation T Refractive index (refraction coefficient) n Luminous flux Ф Aperture ratio of a lens f Luminous intensity I Speed of light c Linear magnif…

Unit Name Symbol Russian International Dioptre дптр - Candela кд cd Lux лк lx Lumen лм lm

17. Since the time of Plato it has been customary to regard as material everything that manifests itself through action.

Each of us has seen such a beautiful natural phenomenon as the rainbow.

One of the interesting optical phenomena is the halo.

Lenticular (also lens-shaped) clouds are a unique natural phenomenon.

(from the Latin aberratio — deviation), distortions and errors in the images formed by optical systems.

Distortions of electron-optical images that arise from the spread of the particle energies in the beam the presence of thermal velocities, the diffraction of something, and also from space-charge effects.

in astronomy, a change in the apparent position of a celestial body on the celestial sphere, caused by the finite speed of light and by the motion of the observer owing to the rotation of the Earth ( diurnal aberration o…

the same as the ion projector.

Autocollimator , an optico-mechanical instrument for precise angular measurements.

Autocollimation , (from the Greek autos — self and collimo (a corruption of the correct Latin collineo) — I direct straight), the path of light rays in which they leave as a parallel beam the collimator that forms part o…

Adaptation of the eye , (from the Late Latin adaptatio — fitting, adjustment), the adjustment of the sensitivity of the eye to changing conditions of illumination.